YORK-ANTWERP RULES 1994
RULE OF INTERPRETATION
In the adjustment of general average the following Rules shall apply to the exclusion
of any Law and Practice inconsistent therewith.
Except as provided by the Rule Paramount and the numbered Rules, general average shall
be adjusted according to the lettered Rules.
RULE PARAMOUNT
In no case shall there be any allowance for sacrifice or expenditure unless reasonably
made or incurred.
RULE A
There is a general average act when, and only when, any extraordinary sacrifice or
expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety
for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime
adventure.
General average sacrifices and expenditures shall be borne by the different contributing
interests on the basis hereinafter provided.
RULE B
There is a common maritime adventure when one or more vessels are towing or pushing
another vessel or vessels, provided that they are all involved in commercial activities
and not in a salvage operation.
When measures are taken to preserve the vessels and their cargoes, if any, from a
common peril, these Rules shall apply.
A vessel is not in common peril with another vessel or vessels if by simply disconnecting
from the other vessel or vessels she is in safety; but if the disconnection is itself
a general average act the common maritime adventure continues.
RULE C
Only such losses, damages or expenses which are the direct consequence of the general
average act shall be allowed as general average.
In no case shall there be any allowance in general average for losses, damages or
expenses incurred in respect of damage to the environment or in consequence of the
escape or release of pollutant substances from the property involved in the common
maritime adventure.
Demurrage, loss of market, and any loss or damage sustained or expense incurred by
reason of delay, whether on the voyage or subsequently, and any indirect loss whatsoever,
shall not be admitted as general average.
RULE D
Rights to contribution in general average shall not be affected, though the event
which gave rise to the sacrifice or expenditure may have been due to the fault of
one of the parties to the adventure; but this shall not prejudice any remedies or
defences which may be open against or to that party in respect of such fault.
RULE E
The onus of proof is upon the party claiming in general average to show that the loss
or expense claimed is properly allowable as general average.
All parties claiming in general average shall give notice in writing to the average
adjuster of the loss or expense in respect of which they claim contribution within
12 months of the date of the termination of the common maritime adventure.
Failing such notification, or if within 12 months of a request for the same any of
the parties shall fail to supply evidence in support of a notified claim, or particulars
of value in respect of a contributory interest, the average adjuster shall be at liberty
to estimate the extent of the allowance or the contributory value on the basis of
the information available to him, which estimate may be challenged only on the ground
that it is manifestly incorrect.
RULE F
Any additional expense incurred in place of another expense which would have been
allowable as general average shall be deemed to be general average and so allowed
without regard to the saving, if any, to other interests, but only up to the amount
of the general average expense avoided.
RULE G
General average shall be adjusted as regards both loss and contribution upon the basis
of values at the time and place when and where the adventure ends.
This rule shall not affect the determination of the place at which the average statement
is to be made up.
When a ship is at any port or place in circumstances which would give rise to an allowance
in general average under the provisions of Rules X and XI, and the cargo or part thereof
is forwarded to destination by other means, rights and liabilities in general average
shall, subject to cargo interests being notified if practicable, remain as nearly
as possible the same as they would have been in the absence of such forwarding, as
if the adventure had continued in the original ship for so long as justifiable under
the contract of affreightment and the applicable law.
The proportion attaching to cargo of the allowances made in general average by reason
of applying the third paragraph of this Rule shall not exceed the cost which would
have been borne by the owners of cargo if the cargo had been forwarded at their expense.
RULE I. JETTISON OF CARGO
No jettison of cargo shall be made good as general average, unless such cargo is carried
in accordance with the recognised custom of the trade.
RULE II. LOSS OR DAMAGE BY SACRIFICES FOR THE COMMON SAFETY
Loss of or damage to the property involved in the common maritime adventure by or
in consequence of a sacrifice made for the common safety, and by water which goes
down a ship's hatches opened or other opening made for the purpose of making a jettison
for the common safety, shall be made good as general average.
RULE III. EXTINGUISHING FIRE ON SHIPBOARD
Damage done to a ship and cargo, or either of them, by water or otherwise, including
damage by beaching or scuttling a burning ship, in extinguishing a fire on board the
ship, shall be made good as general average; except that no compensation shall be
made for damage by smoke however caused or by heat of the fire.
RULE IV. CUTTING AWAY WRECK
Loss or damage sustained by cutting away wreck or parts of the ship which have been
previously carried away or are effectively lost by accident shall not be made good
as general average.
RULE V. VOLUNTARY STRANDING
When a ship is intentionally run on shore for the common safety, whether or not she
might have been driven on shore, the consequent loss or damage to the property involved
in the common maritime adventure shall be allowed in general average.
RULE VI. SALVAGE REMUNERATION
(a) Expenditure incurred by the parties to the adventure in the nature of salvage,
whether under contract or otherwise, shall be allowed in general average provided
that the salvage operations were carried out for the purpose of preserving from peril
the property involved in the common maritime adventure.
Expenditure allowed in general average shall include any salvage remuneration in which
the skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimising damage to the environment
such as is referred to in Article 13 paragraph I(b) of the International Convention
on Salvage, 1989 have been taken into account.
(b) Special compensation payable to a salvor by the shipowner under Article 14 of
the said Convention to the extent specified in paragraph 4 of that Article or under
any other provision similar in substance shall not be allowed in general average.
RULE VII. DAMAGE TO MACHINERY AND BOILERS
Damage caused to any machinery and boilers of a ship which is ashore and in a position
or peril, in endeavouring to refloat, shall be allowed in general average when shown
to have arisen from an actual intention to float the ship for the common safety at
the risk of such damage; but where a ship is afloat no loss or damage caused by working
the propelling machinery and boilers shall in any circumstances be made good as general
average.
RULE VIII. EXPENSES LIGHTENING A SHIP WHEN ASHORE, AND CONSEQUENT DAMAGE
When a ship is ashore and cargo and ship's fuel and stores or any of them are discharged
as a general average act, the extra cost of lightening, lighter hire and reshipping
(if incurred), and any loss or damage to the property involved in the common maritime
adventure in consequence thereof, shall be admitted as general average.
RULE IX. CARGO, SHIP'S MATERIALS AND STORES USED FOR FUEL
Cargo, ship's materials and stores, or any of them, necessarily used for fuel for
the common safety at a time of peril shall be admitted as general average, but when
such an allowance is made for the cost of ship's materials and stores the general
average shall be credited with the estimated cost of the fuel which would otherwise
have been consumed in prosecuting the intended voyage.
RULE X. EXPENSES AT PORT OF REFUGE, ETC.
(a) When a ship shall have entered a port or place of refuge or shall have returned
to her port or place of loading in consequence of accident, sacrifice or other extraordinary
circumstances which render that necessary for the common safety, the expenses of entering
such port or place shall be admitted as general average; and when she shall have sailed
thence with her original cargo, or a part of it, the corresponding expenses of leaving
such port or place consequent upon such entry or return shall likewise be admitted
as general average.
When a ship is at any port of place of refuge and is necessarily removed to another
port or place because repairs cannot be carried out in the first port or place, the
provisions of this Rule shall be applied to the second port or place as if it were
a port or place of refuge and the cost of such removal including temporary repairs
and towage shall be admitted as general average. The provisions of Rule XI shall be
applied to the prolongation of the voyage occasioned by such removal.
(b) The cost of handling on board or discharging cargo, fuel or stores whether at
a port or place of loading, call or refuge, shall be admitted as general average,
when the handling or discharge was necessary for the common safety or to enable damage
to the ship caused by sacrifice or accident to be repaired, if the repairs were necessary
for the safe prosecution of the voyage, except in cases where the damage to the ship
is discovered at a port or place of loading or call without any accident or other
extraordinary circumstances connected with such damage having taken place during the
voyage.
The cost of handling on board or discharging cargo, fuel or stores shall not be admissible
as general average when incurred solely for the purpose of restowage due to shifting
during the voyage, unless such restowage is necessary for the common safety.
(c) Whenever the cost of handling or discharging cargo, fuel or stores is admissible
as general average, the costs of storage, including insurance if reasonably incurred,
reloading and stowing of such cargo, fuel or stores shall likewise be admitted as
general average. The provisions of Rule XI shall be applied to the extra period of
detention occasioned by such reloading or restowing.
But when the ship is condemned or does not proceed on her original voyage, storage
expenses shall be admitted as general average only up to the date of the ship's condemnation
or of the abandonment of the voyage or up to the date of completion of discharge of
cargo if the condemnation or abandonment takes place before that date.
RULE XI. WAGES AND MAINTENANCE OF CREW AND OTHER EXPENSES BEARING UP FOR AND IN A
PORT OF REFUGE, ETC.
(a) Wages and maintenance of master, officers and crew reasonably incurred and fuel
and stores consumed during the prolongation of the voyage occasioned by a ship entering
a port or place of refuge or returning to her port or place of loading shall be admitted
as general average when the expenses of entering such port or place are allowable
in general average in accordance with Rule X(a).
(b) When a ship shall have entered or been detained in any port or place in consequence
of accident, sacrifice or other extraordinary circumstances which render that necessary
for the common safety, or to enable damage to the ship caused by sacrifice or accident
to be repaired, if the repairs were necessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage,
the wages and maintenance of the master, officers and crew reasonably incurred during
the extra period of detention in such port or place until the ship shall or should
have been made ready to proceed upon her voyage, shall be admitted in general average.
Fuel and stores consumed during the extra period of detention shall be admitted as
general average, except such fuel and stores as are consumed in effecting repairs
not allowable in general average. Port charges incurred during the extra period of
detention shall likewise be admitted as general average except such charges as are
incurred solely by reason of repairs not allowable in general average.
Provided that when damage to the ship is discovered at a port or place of loading
or call without any accident or other extraordinary circumstance connected with such
damage having taken place during the voyage, then the wages and maintenance of master,
officers and crew and fuel and stores consumed and port charges incurred during the
extra detention for repairs to damages so discovered shall not be admissible as general
average, even if the repairs are necessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage.
When the ship is condemned or does not proceed on her original voyage, the wages and
maintenance of the master, officers and crew and fuel and stores consumed and port
charges shall be admitted as general average only up to the date of the ship's condemnation
or of the abandonment of the voyage or up to the date of completion of discharge of
cargo if the condemnation or abandonment takes place before that date.
(c) For the purpose of this and the other Rules wages shall include all payments made
to or for the benefit of the master, officers and crew, whether such payments be imposed
by law upon the shipowners or be made under the terms or articles of employment.
(d) The cost of measures undertaken to prevent or minimise damage to the environment
shall be allowed in general average when incurred in any or all of the following circumstances:
(i) as part of an operation performed for the common safety which, had it been undertaken
by a party outside the common maritime adventure, would have entitled such party to
a salvage reward;
(ii) as a condition of entry into or departure from any port or place in the circumstances
prescribed in Rule X(a);
(iii) as a condition of remaining at any port or place in the circumstances prescribed
in Rule XI(b), provided that when there is an actual escape or release of pollutant
substances the cost of any additional measures required on that account to prevent
or minimise pollution or environmental damage shall not be allowed as general average;
(iv) necessarily in connection with the discharging, storing or reloading of cargo
whenever the cost of those operations is admissible as general average.
RULE XII. DAMAGE TO CARGO IN DISCHARGING, ETC.
Damage to or loss of cargo, fuel or stores sustained in consequence of their handling,
discharging, storing, reloading and stowing shall be made good as general average,
when and only when the cost of those measures respectively is admitted as general
average.
RULE XIII. DEDUCTIONS FROM COST OF REPAIRS
Repairs to be allowed in general average shall not be subject to deductions in respect
of ``new for old" where old material or parts are replaced by new unless the ship
is over fifteen years old in which case there shall be a deduction of one third. The
deductions shall be regulated by the age of the ship from the 31st December of the
year of completion of construction to the date of the general average act, except
for insulation, life and similar boats, communications and navigational apparatus
and equipment, machinery and boilers for which the deductions shall be regulated by
the age of the particular parts to which they apply.
The deductions shall be made only from the cost of the new material or parts when
finished and ready to be installed in the ship.
No deduction shall be made in respect of provisions, stores, anchors and chain cables.
Drydock and slipway dues and costs of shifting the ship shall be allowed in full.
The costs of cleaning, painting or coating of bottom shall not be allowed in general
average unless the bottom has been painted or coated within the twelve months preceding
the date of the general average act in which case one half of such costs shall be
allowed.
RULE XIV. TEMPORARY REPAIRS
Where temporary repairs are effected to a ship at a port of loading, call of refuge,
for the common safety, or of damage caused by general average sacrifice, the cost
of such repairs shall be admitted as general average.
Where temporary repairs of accidental damage are effected in order to enable the adventure
to be completed, the cost of such repairs shall be admitted as general average without
regard to the saving, if any, to other interests, but only up to the saving in expense
which would have been incurred and allowed in general average if such repairs had
not been effected there.
No deductions ``new for old" shall be made from the cost of temporary repairs allowable
as general average.
RULE XV. LOSS OF FREIGHT
Loss of freight arising from damage to or loss of cargo shall be made good as general
average, either when caused by a general average act, or when the damage to or loss
of cargo is so made good.
Deduction shall be made from the amount of gross freight lost, of the charges which
the owner thereof would have incurred to earn such freight, but has, in consequence
of the sacrifice, not incurred.
RULE XVI. AMOUNT TO BE MADE GOOD FOR CARGO LOST OR DAMAGED BY SACRIFICE
The amount to be made good as general average for damage to or loss of cargo sacrificed
shall be the loss which has been sustained thereby based on the value at the time
of discharge, ascertained from the commercial invoice rendered to the receiver or
if there is no such invoice from the shipped value. The value at the time of discharge
shall include the cost of insurance and freight except insofar as such freight is
at the risk of interests other than the cargo.
When cargo so damaged is sold and the amount of the damage has not been otherwise
agreed, the loss to be made good in general average shall be the difference between
the net proceeds of sale and the net sound value as computed in the first paragraph
of this Rule.
RULE XVII. CONTRIBUTORY VALUES
The contribution to a general average shall be made upon the actual net values of
the property at the termination of the adventure except that the value of cargo shall
be the value at the time of discharge, ascertained from the commercial invoice rendered
to the receiver or if there is no such invoice from the shipped value. The value of
the cargo shall include the cost of insurance and freight unless and insofar as such
freight is at the risk of interests other than the cargo, deducting therefrom any
loss or damage suffered by the cargo prior to or at the time of discharge. The value
of the ship shall be assessed without taking into account the beneficial or detrimental
effect of any demise or time charterparty to which the ship may be committed.
To these values shall be added the amount made good as general average for property
sacrificed, if not already included, deduction being made from the freight and passage
money at risk of such charges and crew's wages as would not have been incurred in
earning the freight had the ship and cargo been totally lost at the date of the general
average act and have not been allowed as general average; deduction being also made
from the value of the property to all extra charges incurred in respect thereof subsequently
to the general average act, except such charges as are allowed in general average
or fall upon the ship by virtue of an award for special compensation under Article
14 of the International Convention on Salvage, 1989 or under any other provision similar
in substance.
In the circumstances envisaged in the third paragraph of Rule G, the cargo and other
property shall contribute on the basis of its value upon delivery at original destination
unless sold or otherwise disposed of short of that destination, and the ship shall
contribute upon its actual net value at the time of completion of discharge of cargo.
Where cargo is sold short of destination, however, it shall contribute upon the actual
net proceeds of sale, with the addition of any amount made good as general average.
Mails, passengers' luggage, personal effects and accompanied private motor vehicles
shall not contribute in general average.
RULE XVIII. DAMAGE TO SHIP
The amount to be allowed as general average for damage or loss to the ship, her machinery
and/or gear caused by a general average act shall be as follows:
(a) When repaired or replaced,
The actual reasonable cost of repairing or replacing such damage or loss, subject
to deductions in accordance with Rule XIII.
(b) When not repaired or replaced,
The reasonable depreciation arising from such damage or loss, but not exceeding the
estimated cost of repairs. But where the ship is an actual total loss or when the
cost of repairs of the damage would exceed the value of the ship when repaired, the
amount to be allowed as general average shall be the difference between the estimated
sound value of the ship after deducting therefrom the estimated cost of repairing
damage which is not general average and the value of the ship in her damaged state
which may be measured by the net proceeds of sale, if any.
RULE XIX. UNDECLARED OR WRONGFULLY DECLARED CARGO
Damage or loss caused to goods loaded without the knowledge of the shipowner or his
agent or to goods wilfully misdescribed at time of shipment shall not be allowed as
general average, but such goods shall remain liable to contribute, if saved.
Damage or loss caused to goods which have been wrongfully declared on shipment at
a value which is lower than their real value shall be contributed for at the declared
value, but such goods shall contribute upon their actual value.
RULE XX. PROVISION OF FUNDS
A commission of 2 per cent on general average disbursements, other than the wages
and maintenance of master, officers and crew and fuel and stores not replaced during
the voyage, shall be allowed in general average.
The capital loss sustained by the owners of goods sold for the purpose of raising
funds to defray general average disbursements shall be allowed in general average.
The cost of insuring general average disbursements shall also be admitted in general
average.
RULE XXI. INTEREST ON LOSSES MADE GOOD IN GENERAL AVERAGE
Interest shall be allowed on expenditure, sacrifices and allowances in general average
at the rate of 7 per cent per annum, until three months after the date of issue of
the general average adjustment, due allowance being made for any payment on account
by the contributory interests or from the general average deposit fund.
RULE XXII. TREATMENT OF CASH DEPOSITS
Where cash deposits have been collected in respect of cargo's liability for general
average, salvage or special charges, such deposits shall be paid without any delay
into a special account in the joint names of a representative nominated on behalf
of the shipowner and a representative nominated on behalf of the depositors in a bank
to be approved by both. The sum so deposited, together with accrued interest, if any,
shall be held as security for payment to the parties entitled thereto of the general
average, salvage or special charges payable by cargo in respect to which the deposits
have been collected. Payments on account or refunds of deposits may be made if certified
to in writing by the average adjuster. Such deposits and payments or refunds shall
be without prejudice to the ultimate liability of the parties.
